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D I S T I N C T LY M O N TA N A M A G A Z I N E • S P R I N G 2 0 2 6
LETHARIA VULPINA (WOLF LICHEN)
For centuries, Scandinavian and European farmers
used powdered wolf lichen mixed with meat to poi-
son wolves and foxes that threatened livestock. This
remarkable lichen can restart photosynthesis within
12 minutes of thawing and may remain metabolically
active even at below-zero temperatures.
